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Building a High-Performance VPN with Linux for WARP

🛡️ Cloudflare explains how it initially implemented WARP as a Layer‑3 VPN by leveraging the Linux networking stack to egress arbitrary user packets from edge machines. They used a TUN device, nftables/Netfilter rules and the conntrack module to perform NAT, mark flows, and distinguish client traffic from locally‑originated traffic. Core tunnel handling was written in Rust (boringtun/WireGuard) and paired with MASQUE and defense‑in‑depth controls. The approach worked but required one IPv4 address per server, creating a scalability and cost challenge that led them to explore IP sharing.